ALEXA FLUOR 350 Rabbit anti-Bacteria Surface Layer Protein Polyclonal Antibody, ALEXA FLUOR 350 Conjugated [IgG]

S-layer; Surface layer; surface layer protein; Slp; SLAP_LACAC; S-layer protein; slpA; slpH; Lactobacillus surface layer protein;

One of the most fascinating cell envelope structures in prokaryotic organisms is two-dimensional arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits, termed S-layers (Surface Layers). They are composed of numerous identical subunits forming a symmetric, porous, lattice-like layer that completely covers the cell surface. The subunits are held together and attached to cell wall carbohydrates by non-covalent interactions, and they spontaneously reassemble in vitro by an entropy-driven process. In lactobacilli, S-layer proteins have been detected on many but not all species. Lactobacillus S-layer proteins differ from those of other bacteria in their smaller size and high predicted pI. The positive charge in Lactobacillus S-layer proteins is concentrated in the more conserved cell wall binding domain, which can be either N- or C-terminal depending on the species. The more variable domain is responsible for the self-assembly of the monomers to a periodic structure. The biological functions of Lactobacillus S-layer proteins are poorly understood, but in some species S-layer proteins mediate bacterial adherence to host cells or extracellular matrix proteins or have protective or enzymatic functions. Lactobacillus S-layer proteins show potential for use as antigen carriers in live oral vaccine design because of their adhesive and immunomodulatory properties and the general non-pathogenicity of the species.